This is a compact three transistor, regenerative receiver with fixed feedback. It is similar in principle to the ZN414 radio IC which is now replaced by the MK484. The design is simple and sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver are good.
Circuit Notes
All general purpose transistors should work in this circuit, I used three BC549 transistors in my prototype. The tuned circuit is designed for medium wave, but the circuit will work up to much higher frequencies if a different tuning coil and capacitor are used. I used a ferrite rod and tuning capacitor from an old radio which tuned from approximately 550 - 1600kHz. Q1 and Q2 form a compound transistor pair featuring high gain and very high input impedance. This is necessary so as not to unduly load the tank circuit. Q1 operates in emitter follower, Q2 common emitter, self stabilizing bias is via the 120k resistor and the tuning coil. As Q2 operates in common emitter its base voltage will be a Vbe drop higher than ground or about 0.71V in my test sample. The voltage at Q1 base will be this Vbe drop plus the voltage drop across the 1k resistor and Q1's own Vbe drop, this amounted to 1.34V from base to ground in my test circuit. For audio amplifiers, Q2 collector would be biased near half supply voltage, however the input signal levels at RF are tiny, typically 50uV appearing across the coil being amplified by Q2 and being about 5mV RF across the 2k2 load resistor.
The 120k resistor provides regenerative feedback,between Q2 output and the tank circuit input and its value affects the overall performance of the whole circuit. Too much feedback and the circuit will become unstable producing a "howling sound". Insufficient feedback and the receiver becomes "deaf". If the circuit oscillates,then R1's value may be decreased; try 68k. If there is a lack of sensitivity, then try increasing R1 to around 150k. R1 could also be replaced by a fixed resistor say 33k and a preset resistor of 100k. This will give adjustment of sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver.
Transistor Q3 has a dual purpose; it performs demodulation of the RF carrier whilst at the same time, amplifying the audio signal. Audio level varies on the strength of the received station but I had typically 10-40 mV, this is audio voltage, not RF signal level. This will directly drive high impedance headphones or can be fed into a suitable amplifier.
The tuning coil, L1 can be salvaged from an old AM receiver, or to make your own wind about 50 to 60 turns of 26 SWG enamel coated copper wire over a 3/8 inch ferrite rod about 3 inches long. This will create a tuning inductor of about 200uH. AM stations are directional so rotating the rod (or whole receiver) should allow nulling of some signals whilst boosting others.
If you are in an area of weak reception then an external antenna may be required. Wind about 4 or 5 turns (indicated as 4 or 5 T on the schematic) of 26 SWG wire onto the ferrite rod, close to the main winding and connect one end to a cold water tap or ground connection. Use several feet of flexible wire as an antenna.
The frequency coverage or tuning range is controlled by L1 and VC1. If VC1 is fully meshed (closed) then its capacitance will be about 500pF. The resonant frequency is given by:
where F is frequency in hertz, C capacitance in Farads and L the inductance in Henry's. With a meshed 500pF variable capacitor and 200uH coil the lowest frequency works out to be:
When the vanes are open a small capacitance is still present (about 40pF). The coil connections add a slight amount of stray capacitance which may be 7 or 8pF. With 48pF capacitance and a 200uH coil, the highest frequency will be about 1624kHz. Some variable capacitors, have built in trimmers to adjust the highest frequency. For any coil and capacitor that tunes too high, a 50pF trimmer may be added in parallel with VC1 to control the highest tuneable frequency.
The coil details below were kindly submitted and tested by David from Germany and tunes 500 - 1700kHz with a 500pF capacitor. Construction is shown below 35 turns of 32 SWG enamel covered wire are wound 30mm from one end of a 10mm diameter ferrite rod. Now a paper sleeve about 20mm wide is looped around the ferrite rod. The coil is continued winding a further 40 turns, the start of the 36th turn being approximately 50 mm from the same end of the ferrite rod on the paper sleeve see image below.
The MW coil described above results in an inductance of approximately 200uH. If coupled with a 500pF capacitor (full mesh) will tune to about 500kHz and open mesh (about 43pF) tunes to 1700KHz. This covers the top part of the MW band used in North America and some European Pirate stations. If desired a LW coil can also be made on the same rod, this is 330 turns of 32SWG wire starting 70 mm from the same end of the ferrite rod.
All connections should be short, a veroboard or tagstrip layout are suitable. The tuning capacitor has fixed and moving plates. The moving plates should be connected to the "cold" end of the tank circuit, this is the base of Q1, and the fixed plates to the "hot end" of the coil, the junction of R1 and C1. If connections on the capacitor are reversed, then moving your hand near the capacitor will cause unwanted stability and oscillation.
Finally here are some voltage checks from my breadboard prototype.This should help in determining a working circuit:-
All measurements made with a fresh 9volt battery and three BC109C transistors with respect to the battery negative terminal.
Q1 (b) 1.31V
Q2 (b) 0.71V
Q2 (c) 1.34V
Q3 (b) 0.62V
Q3 (c) 3.87V
Finished Receiver
A finished receiver made on veroboard is shown below. This one is built by David in Germany and has received all medium wave stations in David's locality.
More of David's radio work can be seen in my Pics section in the Practical Pages.
PCB Layout
The following single sided PCB layout was created with Kicad, a free open source schematic and PCB drafting program. Its available for both windows and linux, the image below is a 3D (enlarged) view of the component side. The copper layer (solder side) is the dark green layer on the bottom of the board.
The top view (component side) of the PCB board is shown below. This is without the 3D components, the silk screen (drawings on the component side) allow for size of physical components.
The image below is an actual size (1:1) copy of the copper layer. Note that this is reverse so the veropins appear now on the left hand side at the top. Remember that this is the lower (solder) side, by viewing the top image you should be able to match up the positions of all components.
Finally you may not like my layout and prefer to create your own. The follwing am_rec.zip file, contains the schematic, component list and pcbnew diagram in one convenient zip file.
Download all files for kicad am_rec.zip
More Construction Tips
The following tips come from Austin Hellier in Queensland, Australia and may assist with building this project. Generally speaking, matrix board construction (spread out a bit) seems best. Recently, when I ran out of it, I was forced to use an 8 x 2 way tag strip arrangement, which suffered from several problems. Feedback howls and 'motorboating' were prominent until I moved the tuning coil and capacitor apart, but even then, there were still some feedback problems, as I also used a 100k 'A' tapered pot as the feedback control. I think that there's probably too much stray capacitance with this method of construction. also, some of the longer (180mm) ferrite rods of better quality material, seem to cause this overloading, as they tend to generate a larger, more powerful EM field around the rod. Smaller rods will probably work better with the more compact plastic boxes or cases that constructers tend to use.
More of Austin's radio work can be seen in my RF Pics section in the Practical Pages.
Reducing C1 from a 0.1uF cap to a smaller 0.047uF cap helped a lot, but the final 'fixit' occurred with the placement of the removed 0.1uF cap across the c and e terminals of transistor Q2. These and the above methods have allowed me to fix the two most recent AM receivers that I made last week, with no residual side effects at all. Both units can receive ten out of eleven local AM stations here in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and with all parts new, cost around $12 to $15 AUD, depending on which shops you buy them at.
When I was down south in Wollongong some years ago, I made up my very first 'AM Receiver' cct, and picked up stations 1ZB and 2ZB, across the Tasman in New Zealand! If I use this circuit with a loop antenna of any appreciable size, I can also pick up 4RK up in Rockhampton (I live in Brisbane myself,) and 531 AM, a NSW radio station down near Coffs Harbour - quite a few kilometres in either direction. Station frequencies and locations for Brisbane and the rest of Queensland can be found at www.ausradiostations.com.
Circuit Notes
All general purpose transistors should work in this circuit, I used three BC549 transistors in my prototype. The tuned circuit is designed for medium wave, but the circuit will work up to much higher frequencies if a different tuning coil and capacitor are used. I used a ferrite rod and tuning capacitor from an old radio which tuned from approximately 550 - 1600kHz. Q1 and Q2 form a compound transistor pair featuring high gain and very high input impedance. This is necessary so as not to unduly load the tank circuit. Q1 operates in emitter follower, Q2 common emitter, self stabilizing bias is via the 120k resistor and the tuning coil. As Q2 operates in common emitter its base voltage will be a Vbe drop higher than ground or about 0.71V in my test sample. The voltage at Q1 base will be this Vbe drop plus the voltage drop across the 1k resistor and Q1's own Vbe drop, this amounted to 1.34V from base to ground in my test circuit. For audio amplifiers, Q2 collector would be biased near half supply voltage, however the input signal levels at RF are tiny, typically 50uV appearing across the coil being amplified by Q2 and being about 5mV RF across the 2k2 load resistor.
The 120k resistor provides regenerative feedback,between Q2 output and the tank circuit input and its value affects the overall performance of the whole circuit. Too much feedback and the circuit will become unstable producing a "howling sound". Insufficient feedback and the receiver becomes "deaf". If the circuit oscillates,then R1's value may be decreased; try 68k. If there is a lack of sensitivity, then try increasing R1 to around 150k. R1 could also be replaced by a fixed resistor say 33k and a preset resistor of 100k. This will give adjustment of sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver.
Transistor Q3 has a dual purpose; it performs demodulation of the RF carrier whilst at the same time, amplifying the audio signal. Audio level varies on the strength of the received station but I had typically 10-40 mV, this is audio voltage, not RF signal level. This will directly drive high impedance headphones or can be fed into a suitable amplifier.
The tuning coil, L1 can be salvaged from an old AM receiver, or to make your own wind about 50 to 60 turns of 26 SWG enamel coated copper wire over a 3/8 inch ferrite rod about 3 inches long. This will create a tuning inductor of about 200uH. AM stations are directional so rotating the rod (or whole receiver) should allow nulling of some signals whilst boosting others.
If you are in an area of weak reception then an external antenna may be required. Wind about 4 or 5 turns (indicated as 4 or 5 T on the schematic) of 26 SWG wire onto the ferrite rod, close to the main winding and connect one end to a cold water tap or ground connection. Use several feet of flexible wire as an antenna.
The frequency coverage or tuning range is controlled by L1 and VC1. If VC1 is fully meshed (closed) then its capacitance will be about 500pF. The resonant frequency is given by:
where F is frequency in hertz, C capacitance in Farads and L the inductance in Henry's. With a meshed 500pF variable capacitor and 200uH coil the lowest frequency works out to be:
When the vanes are open a small capacitance is still present (about 40pF). The coil connections add a slight amount of stray capacitance which may be 7 or 8pF. With 48pF capacitance and a 200uH coil, the highest frequency will be about 1624kHz. Some variable capacitors, have built in trimmers to adjust the highest frequency. For any coil and capacitor that tunes too high, a 50pF trimmer may be added in parallel with VC1 to control the highest tuneable frequency.
The coil details below were kindly submitted and tested by David from Germany and tunes 500 - 1700kHz with a 500pF capacitor. Construction is shown below 35 turns of 32 SWG enamel covered wire are wound 30mm from one end of a 10mm diameter ferrite rod. Now a paper sleeve about 20mm wide is looped around the ferrite rod. The coil is continued winding a further 40 turns, the start of the 36th turn being approximately 50 mm from the same end of the ferrite rod on the paper sleeve see image below.
The MW coil described above results in an inductance of approximately 200uH. If coupled with a 500pF capacitor (full mesh) will tune to about 500kHz and open mesh (about 43pF) tunes to 1700KHz. This covers the top part of the MW band used in North America and some European Pirate stations. If desired a LW coil can also be made on the same rod, this is 330 turns of 32SWG wire starting 70 mm from the same end of the ferrite rod.
All connections should be short, a veroboard or tagstrip layout are suitable. The tuning capacitor has fixed and moving plates. The moving plates should be connected to the "cold" end of the tank circuit, this is the base of Q1, and the fixed plates to the "hot end" of the coil, the junction of R1 and C1. If connections on the capacitor are reversed, then moving your hand near the capacitor will cause unwanted stability and oscillation.
Finally here are some voltage checks from my breadboard prototype.This should help in determining a working circuit:-
All measurements made with a fresh 9volt battery and three BC109C transistors with respect to the battery negative terminal.
Q1 (b) 1.31V
Q2 (b) 0.71V
Q2 (c) 1.34V
Q3 (b) 0.62V
Q3 (c) 3.87V
Finished Receiver
A finished receiver made on veroboard is shown below. This one is built by David in Germany and has received all medium wave stations in David's locality.
More of David's radio work can be seen in my Pics section in the Practical Pages.
PCB Layout
The following single sided PCB layout was created with Kicad, a free open source schematic and PCB drafting program. Its available for both windows and linux, the image below is a 3D (enlarged) view of the component side. The copper layer (solder side) is the dark green layer on the bottom of the board.
The top view (component side) of the PCB board is shown below. This is without the 3D components, the silk screen (drawings on the component side) allow for size of physical components.
The image below is an actual size (1:1) copy of the copper layer. Note that this is reverse so the veropins appear now on the left hand side at the top. Remember that this is the lower (solder) side, by viewing the top image you should be able to match up the positions of all components.
Finally you may not like my layout and prefer to create your own. The follwing am_rec.zip file, contains the schematic, component list and pcbnew diagram in one convenient zip file.
Download all files for kicad am_rec.zip
More Construction Tips
The following tips come from Austin Hellier in Queensland, Australia and may assist with building this project. Generally speaking, matrix board construction (spread out a bit) seems best. Recently, when I ran out of it, I was forced to use an 8 x 2 way tag strip arrangement, which suffered from several problems. Feedback howls and 'motorboating' were prominent until I moved the tuning coil and capacitor apart, but even then, there were still some feedback problems, as I also used a 100k 'A' tapered pot as the feedback control. I think that there's probably too much stray capacitance with this method of construction. also, some of the longer (180mm) ferrite rods of better quality material, seem to cause this overloading, as they tend to generate a larger, more powerful EM field around the rod. Smaller rods will probably work better with the more compact plastic boxes or cases that constructers tend to use.
More of Austin's radio work can be seen in my RF Pics section in the Practical Pages.
Reducing C1 from a 0.1uF cap to a smaller 0.047uF cap helped a lot, but the final 'fixit' occurred with the placement of the removed 0.1uF cap across the c and e terminals of transistor Q2. These and the above methods have allowed me to fix the two most recent AM receivers that I made last week, with no residual side effects at all. Both units can receive ten out of eleven local AM stations here in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and with all parts new, cost around $12 to $15 AUD, depending on which shops you buy them at.
When I was down south in Wollongong some years ago, I made up my very first 'AM Receiver' cct, and picked up stations 1ZB and 2ZB, across the Tasman in New Zealand! If I use this circuit with a loop antenna of any appreciable size, I can also pick up 4RK up in Rockhampton (I live in Brisbane myself,) and 531 AM, a NSW radio station down near Coffs Harbour - quite a few kilometres in either direction. Station frequencies and locations for Brisbane and the rest of Queensland can be found at www.ausradiostations.com.
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